Let's talk about digital sovereignty starting from the physical layer
Digital sovereignty is not limited to data or software. It also begins with control over physical infrastructure, its location, the applicable law, and its legal dependencies.
When we talk about digital sovereignty, we often think of data, the cloud, or encryption.
But for AI infrastructure, the question arises much earlier: who actually controls the physical layer? If space, power, and cooling depend on an entity subject to foreign jurisdiction, sovereignty remains partial.
The subject is therefore as much legal as it is industrial. An AI Factory operated under French law, with French and European capital, offers a clearer foundation for CIOs, legal teams, and compliance officers. This reduces the gray areas linked to extraterritoriality and facilitates alignment with the requirements of frameworks such as GDPR, NIS2 and SecNumCloud.
The point is not to brandish sovereignty as an abstract slogan.
The goal is to make infrastructure predictable, manageable, and compatible with the requirements of sensitive sectors. A sovereign physical layer does not guarantee everything, but it eliminates a structural vulnerability: dependence on a foreign jurisdiction for the very tool that performs the calculations.
The right approach, therefore, is not just to ask where the data is, but also where the foundations that allow it to function are located.
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